Lead Poisoning in Children: Early Detection, Intervention and Prevention

References and Acknowledgements

References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2010). Lead. Accessed online (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=22) September 2010.

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health. (2005). Lead Exposure in Children: Prevention, Detection, and Management. Pediatrics. Vol. 116:1036-1046.

Binns HJ, Campbell C, Brown MJ. (2007). Interpreting and Managing Blood Lead Levels of Less Than 10 µg/dL in Children and Reducing Childhood Exposure to Lead: Recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Pediatrics. Vol. 120(5):e1285-e1298.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2000). Recommendations for blood lead screening in young children enrolled in Medicaid: targeting a group at high risk. MMWR 12/08/00. 49(RR14); 1-13.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children: Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention: Chapter 4 - Nutritional Assessment and Interventions. Accessed online (http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/casemanagement/casemanage_chap4.htm) May 8, 2009.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Why not change the blood lead level of concern at this time? Accessed online (http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/policy/changeBLL.htm) May 8, 2009.

Fadrowski MD, MHS, Jeffrey J.; Navas-Acien, MD PhD, Ana; Tellez-Plaza, MD, MPH, Maria; Guallar, MD, DrPH, Eliseo; Weaver, MD MPH, Virginia M.; Furth, MD, PhD, Susan L. (2010). Blood Lead Level and Kidney Function in US Adolescents. Archives of Internal Medicine. Vol 170(1): 75-82.

Hoppin JA, Aro A, Hu H, Ryan PB. (1997). In Vivo Bone Lead Measurement in Suburban Teenagers. Pediatrics. Vol. 100(3):365-370.

Jones RL, Homa DM, Meyer PA, et al. (2009). Trends in Blood Lead Levels and Blood Lead Testing Among US Children Aged 1 to 5 Years, 1988-2004. Pediatrics. Vol. 123(3):e376-e385.

Rischitelli G, Nygren P, Bougatsos C, Freeman M, Helfand M. (2006). Screening for Elevated Lead Levels in Childhood and Pregnancy: An Updated Summary of Evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics. Vol. 118(6):e1867-1895.

Schwab LT, Roberts JR, Reigart JR. (2003). Inaccuracy in Parental Reporting of the Age of Their Home for Lead-Screening Purposes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Vol. 157:584-586.

Blood Lead Levels in Young Children (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4950a3.htm) - CDC website [MMWR December 2000].

Ceramic and Pottery Cookware: A Potential Source of Pb (http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/lead/cd4721.shtml) - [CD Summary issue, 1998].

Death of a Child After Ingestion of a Metallic Charm (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm55d323a1.htm) - CDC website [MMWR 2006].

Deaths Associated with Hypocalcemia from Chelation Therapy (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5508a3.htm) - CDC website [MMWR 2006].

Lead Poisoning from Ingestion of a Toy Necklace (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5323a5.htm) - CDC website [MMWR 2004].

Lead Poisoning Has Not Gone Away (http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/lead/cd4924.shtml) - [CD Summary issue, 2000].

Recommendations for Blood Lead Screening of Young Children Enrolled in Medicaid (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4914a1.htm) - CDC website [MMWR 2000].

Screening Children for Lead Poisoning (PDF) (http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/cdsummary/2004/ohd5315.pdf) - [CD Summary issue, July 2004].

MDH-Environmental Health 2009 Blood Lead Surveillance Report at http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/lead/reports/surveillance/profile2009.pdf

Reducing Childhood Exposures to Lead: recommendations of CDC's Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. MMWR. November , 2007; 56(RR08): 1-14;16.

Erratum: Vol. 56, No. RR-8 MMWR. November 30, 2007; 56(47): 1241-1242. Zabel, EW, MC Falken, M Sonnabend, M Alms, DM Symonik. 2005. Prevalence of elevated blood lead levels and evaluation of a lead risk screening questionnaire in rural Minnesota. J. Env. Health 68(2)9-16.

Acknowledgements

This online module was developed after careful review of multiple sources of information and current literature review. Several organizations granted permission to use their materials. Materials were adapted from several sources including but not limited to:

  • Minnesota Department of Health (Environmental Health)
  • MDH Department of Human Services (DHS)
  • American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and Bright Futures
  • American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
  • Healthy People 2010 and 2020
  • Center for Disease Control (CDC)
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
  • Oregon Department of Health
  • New York State Department of Health
  • Oklahoma Department of Health


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